§ 02 · Comparison

Compare regulatory pathways side-by-side

Authority & dossier

Fee confirmation
  • ChinaFees verified 12 September 2026
  • European UnionFees verified 12 September 2026
Regulatory authority
  • ChinaNMPA
  • European UnionEMA
English submissions
  • ChinaNo
  • European UnionYes
CTD accepted
  • ChinaYes
  • European UnionYes
eCTD accepted
  • ChinaYes
  • European UnionYes
Reliance pathway
  • ChinaNone
  • European UnionAvailable
Reference agencies
  • ChinaFDA, EMA, MHRA, PMDA +2
  • European UnionNot stated

Lead pathway (timeline & fees), New Drug Application (Class 1), Innovative Drug · Centralised Procedure

Pathway name
  • ChinaNew Drug Application (Class 1), Innovative Drug
  • European UnionCentralised Procedure
Approval timeline
  • China200-365 days
  • European Union210-277 days
Headline fee and pathway
  • ChinaCNY 432,000, New Drug Application (Class 1), Innovative Drugconditional on other, place of manufacture
  • European UnionEUR 865,200, Centralised Procedureconditional on other
Recurring charges
  • ChinaCNY 227,200 every 5 years, per registration, overseas produced. Provinces set the domestic rate.
  • European UnionEUR 232,400 a year, per marketing authorisation, other applications
Local representative
  • ChinaRequired
  • European UnionRequired
Local manufacturing
  • ChinaNot required
  • European UnionNot required
GMP inspection
  • ChinaRequired
  • European UnionRequired

MAH & local presence

Local entity required
  • ChinaNo
  • European UnionYes
Local responsible person
  • ChinaYes
  • European UnionYes
RP role
  • ChinaAuthorised Agent (境内代理人): Chinese-incorporated entity responsible for NMPA communications, pharmacovigilance reporting, recall coordination, and pharmacovigilance system master file maintenance. The MAH must also appoint a qualified person for pharmacovigilance and a qualified person for quality.
  • European UnionQualified Person Responsible for Pharmacovigilance (QPPV), must reside and operate in the EU/EEA, is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the pharmacovigilance system. A Qualified Person (QP) in the EU/EEA performs batch certification under Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC. Local Contact Person for pharmacovigilance required in each Member State where the product is marketed (since 2012 GVP).

Accelerated pathways

Designations available
  • China5 designations
  • European Union6 designations
Examples
  • ChinaBreakthrough Therapy Designation (突破性治疗药物), Priority Review (优先审评), Conditional Approval (附条件批准) +2
  • European UnionAccelerated Assessment, Conditional Marketing Authorisation, Authorisation under Exceptional Circumstances +3

Post-approval lifecycle

Variations framework
  • ChinaPost-approval changes classified as Major (重大), Moderate (中等), and Minor (微小) variations, broadly aligned with ICH Q12 principles but with China-specific procedures published in the 2021 NMPA Guideline on Post-Approval Changes.
  • European UnionCommission Regulation (EC) 1234/2008 establishes four categories: Type IA (minor, Do and Tell, 12-month notification), Type IAIN (minor, immediate notification), Type IB (minor, Tell, Wait, and Do, 30-day default), Type II (major, prior approval, 60 to 90 days), and Extensions (Annex I changes, full review). Worksharing procedures consolidate variations across multiple authorisations.
Renewal cycle
  • ChinaMarketing authorisations are valid for 5 years with mandatory renewal. Renewal application due ≥6 months before expiry; renewal review can take 90 to 180 working days.
  • European UnionInitial 5-year renewal, application 9 months before expiry. After the first renewal, MA is granted for unlimited duration unless the CHMP/NCA, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, decides on one additional 5-year renewal.
Pharmacovigilance
  • ChinaPharmacovigilance system aligned with ICH E2D/E2E since the 2021 Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (GVP) for Drugs entered force. PSURs follow ICH E2C(R2). MAH must establish a pharmacovigilance system, appoint a qualified person for pharmacovigilance (PV-QP), and report to the National Center for ADR Monitoring.
  • European UnionComprehensive PV framework under Directive 2010/84/EU and Regulation (EU) 1235/2010, codified in Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP). Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) required. Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) on EU-harmonised birth-date list. Risk Management Plans for all new MAs and significant variations. Suspected serious ADR reporting to EudraVigilance within 15 days. Black triangle (▼) for additional monitoring of selected products.

Unlicensed access

Named Patient Supply
  • ChinaAvailable
  • European UnionAvailable
Compassionate Use
  • ChinaAvailable
  • European UnionAvailable
Emergency Import
  • ChinaAvailable
  • European UnionAvailable
Parallel Import
  • ChinaNot permitted
  • European UnionPermitted

Clinical trials

CTA approval
  • ChinaRequired
  • European UnionRequired
Ethics approval
  • ChinaYes
  • European UnionYes
CTA timeline
  • China60-90 days
  • European Union60-106 days
GCP standard
  • ChinaChinese GCP (2020 revision, ICH E6(R2) aligned)
  • European UnionICH E6(R3), Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/2748 transposing R3, applicable from 23 July 2025

Pricing & reimbursement

Price regulation
  • ChinaRegulated
  • European UnionRegulated
Reference pricing
  • ChinaNo
  • European UnionYes
HTA required
  • ChinaYes
  • European UnionYes
HTA body
  • ChinaNational Healthcare Security Administration (NHSA), Centre for Medical Service Information
  • European UnionEU HTA Coordination Group (EUnetHTA legacy); national HTA bodies (NICE, HAS, G-BA/IQWiG, AIFA, AEMPS, etc.)