§ 02 — Comparison

Compare regulatory pathways side-by-side

Benchmark MAHMAH, GMPGMP, HTAHTA and pathway requirements across up to three markets.

Country A

Country B

Country C

Highlight differences

Criterion	🇧🇩Bangladesh	🇪🇺European Union
Authority & dossier
Regulatory authority	DGDA	EMA
English submissions	Yes	Yes
CTD accepted	Yes	Yes
eCTD accepted	No	Yes
Reliance pathway	None	Available
Reference agencies	FDA (US), EMA, MHRA (UK), Health Canada +4	—
Lead pathway (timeline & fees) — New Drug Registration — Standard Review · Centralised Procedure
Pathway name	New Drug Registration — Standard Review	Centralised Procedure
Approval timeline	270–540 days	210–277 days
Application fee	BDT 100,000	EUR 358,800
Annual renewal	BDT 0	EUR 122,500
Local representative	Required	Required
Local manufacturing	Not required	Not required
GMP inspection	Required	Required
MAH & local presence
Local entity required	Yes	Yes
Local responsible person	Yes	Yes
RP role	Importers must designate a Qualified Person (typically a registered pharmacist) responsible for the licensed premises, and a pharmacovigilance contact person responsible for ADR reporting and PSUR submissions to DGDA's Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring (ADRM) Cell.	Qualified Person Responsible for Pharmacovigilance (QPPV) — must reside and operate in the EU/EEA — is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the pharmacovigilance system. A Qualified Person (QP) in the EU/EEA performs batch certification under Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC. Local Contact Person for pharmacovigilance required in each Member State where the product is marketed (since 2012 GVP).
Accelerated pathways
Designations available	2 designations	6 designations
Examples	Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA), Priority DCC Review (Public Health Need)	Accelerated Assessment, Conditional Marketing Authorisation, Authorisation under Exceptional Circumstances +3
Post-approval lifecycle
Variations framework	Variations are classified in DGDA guidance as Major (DCC approval, e.g. new indication, new strength, manufacturing site change), Minor (DGDA approval) and Notification (administrative). Major variations require fresh DCC consideration and may take 3–9 months.	Commission Regulation (EC) 1234/2008 establishes four categories: Type IA (minor — Do and Tell, 12-month notification), Type IAIN (minor — immediate notification), Type IB (minor — Tell, Wait, and Do, 30-day default), Type II (major — prior approval, 60–90 days), and Extensions (Annex I changes — full review). Worksharing procedures consolidate variations across multiple authorisations.
Renewal cycle	Drug Registration Certificate (Form 1A) is initially valid for 5 years and renewable for 5 years; renewal requires up-to-date CMC, safety, GMP and labelling information.	Initial 5-year renewal — application 9 months before expiry. After the first renewal, MA is granted for unlimited duration unless the CHMP/NCA, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, decides on one additional 5-year renewal.
Pharmacovigilance	DGDA's Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring (ADRM) Cell coordinates national ADR reporting; Bangladesh is a member of the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring (Uppsala Monitoring Centre). Registration holders must report serious ADRs within statutory timelines and submit Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) per DGDA guidance, generally aligned to ICH E2C.	Comprehensive PV framework under Directive 2010/84/EU and Regulation (EU) 1235/2010, codified in Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP). Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) required. Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) on EU-harmonised birth-date list. Risk Management Plans for all new MAs and significant variations. Suspected serious ADR reporting to EudraVigilance within 15 days. Black triangle (▼) for additional monitoring of selected products.
Unlicensed access
Named Patient Supply	Available	Available
Compassionate Use	Available	Available
Emergency Import	Available	Available
Parallel Import	Not permitted	Permitted
Clinical trials
CTA approval	Required	Required
Ethics approval	Yes	Yes
CTA timeline	60–150 days	60–106 days
GCP standard	ICH E6(R2) GCP; BMRC National Research Ethics Guidelines	ICH E6(R3) — Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/2748 transposing R3, applicable from 23 July 2025
Pricing & reimbursement
Price regulation	Regulated	Regulated
Reference pricing	No	Yes
HTA required	No	Yes
HTA body	No formal national HTA body; DGHS Essential Drug List (EDL) committee functions as the public-sector formulary gate.	EU HTA Coordination Group (EUnetHTA legacy); national HTA bodies (NICE, HAS, G-BA/IQWiG, AIFA, AEMPS, etc.)

Verdict colours indicate lower, moderate, or higher regulatory burden — they're not value judgements on a market.

Authority & dossier

Regulatory authority

BangladeshDGDA
European UnionEMA

English submissions

BangladeshYes
European UnionYes

CTD accepted

BangladeshYes
European UnionYes

eCTD accepted

BangladeshNo
European UnionYes

Reliance pathway

BangladeshNone
European UnionAvailable

Reference agencies

BangladeshFDA (US), EMA, MHRA (UK), Health Canada +4
European Union—

Lead pathway (timeline & fees) — New Drug Registration — Standard Review · Centralised Procedure

Pathway name

BangladeshNew Drug Registration — Standard Review
European UnionCentralised Procedure

Approval timeline

Bangladesh270–540 days
European Union210–277 days

Application fee

BangladeshBDT 100,000
European UnionEUR 358,800

Annual renewal

BangladeshBDT 0
European UnionEUR 122,500

Local representative

BangladeshRequired
European UnionRequired

Local manufacturing

BangladeshNot required
European UnionNot required

GMP inspection

BangladeshRequired
European UnionRequired

MAH & local presence

Local entity required

BangladeshYes
European UnionYes

Local responsible person

BangladeshYes
European UnionYes

RP role

BangladeshImporters must designate a Qualified Person (typically a registered pharmacist) responsible for the licensed premises, and a pharmacovigilance contact person responsible for ADR reporting and PSUR submissions to DGDA's Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring (ADRM) Cell.
European UnionQualified Person Responsible for Pharmacovigilance (QPPV) — must reside and operate in the EU/EEA — is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the pharmacovigilance system. A Qualified Person (QP) in the EU/EEA performs batch certification under Article 51 of Directive 2001/83/EC. Local Contact Person for pharmacovigilance required in each Member State where the product is marketed (since 2012 GVP).

Accelerated pathways

Designations available

Bangladesh2 designations
European Union6 designations

Examples

BangladeshEmergency Use Authorisation (EUA), Priority DCC Review (Public Health Need)
European UnionAccelerated Assessment, Conditional Marketing Authorisation, Authorisation under Exceptional Circumstances +3

Post-approval lifecycle

Variations framework

BangladeshVariations are classified in DGDA guidance as Major (DCC approval, e.g. new indication, new strength, manufacturing site change), Minor (DGDA approval) and Notification (administrative). Major variations require fresh DCC consideration and may take 3–9 months.
European UnionCommission Regulation (EC) 1234/2008 establishes four categories: Type IA (minor — Do and Tell, 12-month notification), Type IAIN (minor — immediate notification), Type IB (minor — Tell, Wait, and Do, 30-day default), Type II (major — prior approval, 60–90 days), and Extensions (Annex I changes — full review). Worksharing procedures consolidate variations across multiple authorisations.

Renewal cycle

BangladeshDrug Registration Certificate (Form 1A) is initially valid for 5 years and renewable for 5 years; renewal requires up-to-date CMC, safety, GMP and labelling information.
European UnionInitial 5-year renewal — application 9 months before expiry. After the first renewal, MA is granted for unlimited duration unless the CHMP/NCA, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, decides on one additional 5-year renewal.

Pharmacovigilance

BangladeshDGDA's Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring (ADRM) Cell coordinates national ADR reporting; Bangladesh is a member of the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring (Uppsala Monitoring Centre). Registration holders must report serious ADRs within statutory timelines and submit Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) per DGDA guidance, generally aligned to ICH E2C.
European UnionComprehensive PV framework under Directive 2010/84/EU and Regulation (EU) 1235/2010, codified in Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP). Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) required. Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs) on EU-harmonised birth-date list. Risk Management Plans for all new MAs and significant variations. Suspected serious ADR reporting to EudraVigilance within 15 days. Black triangle (▼) for additional monitoring of selected products.

Unlicensed access

Named Patient Supply

BangladeshAvailable
European UnionAvailable

Compassionate Use

BangladeshAvailable
European UnionAvailable

Emergency Import

BangladeshAvailable
European UnionAvailable

Parallel Import

BangladeshNot permitted
European UnionPermitted

Clinical trials

CTA approval

BangladeshRequired
European UnionRequired

Ethics approval

BangladeshYes
European UnionYes

CTA timeline

Bangladesh60–150 days
European Union60–106 days

GCP standard

BangladeshICH E6(R2) GCP; BMRC National Research Ethics Guidelines
European UnionICH E6(R3) — Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/2748 transposing R3, applicable from 23 July 2025

Pricing & reimbursement

Price regulation

BangladeshRegulated
European UnionRegulated

Reference pricing

BangladeshNo
European UnionYes

HTA required

BangladeshNo
European UnionYes

HTA body

BangladeshNo formal national HTA body; DGHS Essential Drug List (EDL) committee functions as the public-sector formulary gate.
European UnionEU HTA Coordination Group (EUnetHTA legacy); national HTA bodies (NICE, HAS, G-BA/IQWiG, AIFA, AEMPS, etc.)